Accessibility and Spatial Location of Parcel Lockers in Last-mile Delivery: A Literature Review

Abstract

Parcel lockers (PLs) are gaining recognition for their role in improving last-mile logistics efficiency and sustainability. They provide a reliable, eco-friendly solution by reducing failed deliveries and optimising logistical operations. However, their relationship with accessibility—both in terms of the user's ability to access the parcel (e.g., convenience) and its spatial distribution, a fundamental criterion for companies —remains an area requiring further investigation, particularly across urban, suburban, and rural contexts.

This review examines studies from 2000 to 2024 to evaluate how PLs contribute to accessibility and identify different adoption factors across context, urban and non-urban (e.g. peripheral, rural). Total 48 research papers were analysed to assess trends, challenges, and opportunities related to PLs accessibility.

Findings highlight contrasting perspectives between end-users and logistics providers on parcel locker accessibility. While PLs enhance convenience through 24/7 availability, widespread distribution, and on-demand service, challenges remain in peripheral areas due to unequal distribution, digital literacy barriers, and integration issues within logistics networks. Logistics efficiency and user equity must be balanced to ensure sustainable and inclusive last-mile delivery solutions.

It highlights that accessibility and proximity are notably influencing the implementation and acceptance of parcel lockers. Rural accessibility remains a challenge. Digital divides, cultural barriers, and weak logistics integration create significant obstacles. To maximise the benefits of PLs networks, future research should focus on equitable last-mile strategies, enhanced stakeholder collaboration, and integrated urban planning approaches, ensuring that parcel lockers contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable logistics system.